Ethereum has undergone another major upgrade, ushering in the true "millisecond era."

On December 3rd, Ethereum will receive another major upgrade—Fusaka. Rather than a technological iteration, this is more accurately described as a silent infrastructure revolution: greater network throughput, more predictable fees, lighter node operation, and smoother enterprise access. For users, developers, enterprises, and even node operators, the arrival of Fusaka signifies that Ethereum is quietly and efficiently transforming itself into a truly sustainable and scalable global digital public service platform.

For ordinary users, the improvements brought by Fusaka are immediately noticeable. Enhanced data scalability reduces transaction latency from minutes to milliseconds, meaning DeFi applications will no longer feel like waiting for a bus, but rather as instantaneous as a swipe of a finger. Mobile wallets will support secure passkeys for login using mobile hardware at a lower cost. This change is particularly important in emerging markets, allowing millions previously unable to access banking systems to participate in on-chain financial services—from micro-transfers to lending—all with a smartphone, at low cost and with security. This not only improves the user experience but also makes Ethereum more user-friendly, closer to "consumer applications": faster, more secure, and more convenient.

For the L2 and Rollup ecosystems, Fusaka is equally significant. The introduction of the PeerDAS (EIP-7594) sampling verification mechanism increases data throughput by eight times. In other words, on-chain data no longer needs to be processed by all nodes on the network, but is verified through sampling. This reduces Rollup blob fees, provides more room for network expansion, and maintains decentralization. Developers are freed from congested data pipelines and can try more complex dApp designs, from millisecond-level matching in decentralized exchanges to instant minting in NFT markets, building new application scenarios with smoother experiences and lower costs. Fusaka opens a door for the L2 ecosystem: in the past, they were like shadows of Ethereum; now they are capable of operating independently while working closely with the main chain, truly realizing the prototype of a "modular universe."

For applications and DeFi builders, Fusaka is more like a key. Based on a pre-confirmed transaction mechanism, operational latency is significantly reduced, meaning users can experience "instant transactions." Imagine that in the past, order matching on Uniswap might have required waiting for network congestion to dissipate; now it can be completed in milliseconds. Reward distribution for social dApps can also be achieved almost instantly. This change isn't just a simple speed boost; it redefines users' psychological expectations of blockchain: it's no longer a high-barrier experimental tool, but a reliable infrastructure as convenient as everyday financial applications.

Node operators also benefit from the Fusaka upgrade. The gas limit increased from approximately 45 million to 60 million, expanding transaction throughput, while the history expiration mechanism eliminates the need for nodes to store full data, halving long-term operating costs. Lightweight nodes mean more retail users can participate in validation, strengthening the network's decentralization. Even "supernode" operators can profit from a more efficient network without monopolizing it, enhancing the resilience of the entire ecosystem. This change is subtle, yet it forms the foundation for the network's long-term healthy development—just as the branches of an oak tree need deep roots to support their growth.

The barrier to entry for enterprises to access Ethereum has also been significantly lowered. Native support for the secp256r1 curve ensures Ethereum's cryptographic standards are compatible with existing enterprise security standards, allowing businesses to more easily integrate blockchain technology into their internal systems. Blob fee optimization enables businesses to more accurately budget on-chain expenses, avoiding the uncertainty risks associated with past gas fluctuations. Fusaka transforms Ethereum from a mere experimental platform for geeks into a viable option for enterprise-level applications. From supply chain tracking to on-chain settlement, the deployment of enterprise-grade dApps is expected to accelerate, bringing new efficiency and transparency to financial and commercial systems.

More broadly, Fusaka demonstrates Ethereum's stable growth capability: two major upgrades completed within a year, transparently and without network disruption. This robust iteration showcases that Ethereum's development doesn't rely on short-term hype or rapid expansion, but rather on continuous, predictable infrastructure evolution to meet global needs while maintaining decentralization and permissionlessness. It allows investors, developers, and users to see a core logic: true transformation isn't about hype, but about a holistic improvement from the underlying architecture to the user experience.

Fusaka can be described as a steady and profound infrastructure evolution. It has transformed Ethereum from a technology lab into a truly usable and scalable global platform, providing tangible improvements for users, developers, businesses, and node operators. More importantly, it demonstrates to the market that Ethereum's strength lies not in short-term sprints, but in stable, continuous, and reliable iterations. In the future, we can expect to see Ethereum usher in a true "millisecond era" in DeFi, enterprise applications, and global user experience.